The former player: 'I wanted to carry on my rugby career'
Important note: This article contains details of racially offensive comments and conduct
FormerEngland player Luther Burrell says that going public to reveal racial discrimination in professional rugby brought his career to an early end.
In a 2022 interview, Burrell described racism as being "rife" in the game, showing digital communications and remembering training ground "comments" he had been subject to while representing Newcastle.
At that time 34 and out of contract, Burrell's only elite playing since has been three appearances with guest team the Barbarians.
"I have definitely had to retire because of what went on," he told reporters.
"I really hoped to continue playing, of course I did. I pursued that, and it fell through when word emerged that there were investigations underway.
"That was difficult - I had to simply accept the outcome and accept that this entire process is a lot bigger than me."
A rugby governing body report in April 2023 found Burrell's claims were accurate "on the balance of probability", but said it could not collect sufficient proof to categorically say they occurred at Newcastle.
Luther Burrell played in all of England's Six Nations games in 2014-15, but was surprisingly excluded for their squad for the 2015 tournament
Burrell revealed to media he also faced prejudice within the England set-up, during a Test career that saw him win 15 appearances after his first game in 2014.
"I've had multiple distressing experiences within England camp," he said.
"Some discrimination and other just outdated thinking that's really inappropriate."
Racism had become normalised in team environments, in Burrell's view.
"It's something that has been dressed up as banter and that's been the problem that I've personally experienced and seen," said Burrell, who is of Jamaican heritage.
"Over a extended period you just learn to think that it's the norm and that is fine and that it's not malicious, but that's nonsense."
Burrell explains he was finally spurred to go public after a fellow player at Newcastle referred to him as a "enslaved person" and told him to put sunscreen on his arms and legs "where chains would be placed."
The rugby authority said Burrell's disclosures had led to "increased scrutiny at the environment within the professional level and to the introduction of an strategy for the elite level."
"The organization has given significant attention on diversity and diversity in the sport and a great deal of work completed both before and after Luther Burrell came forward and shared his encounters of racism and class discrimination," it continued.
"The organization are ongoing work with clubs and partners in the professional game to strive for a culture of inclusivity but recognize this takes time and is an continuous effort."
Every Prem and women's rugby club now has in-person training on creating welcoming cultures, with its success tracked via individual reports and surveys.
All England players, including youth squads, are trained in being "active bystanders" to intervene and protect others from damaging conduct.
"You be so proud of what you have accomplished," Burrell's mother Joyce said to him as part of the film about his experiences.
"I know it has had this effect on you and ended your career, but in our view, you have achieved so much. We are so impressed of you and to have you as a family member."
Burrell's father Geoff passed away shortly after the filming of the documentary, and his sister died recently.
Burrell, who grew up on a council estate in his hometown, continues his work to make the game more accessible.
His charitable organization works to connect with young people in disadvantaged communities and help them thrive on and off the field with complimentary sports coaching, guidance and nutrition education.
"My personal intentions are genuine, I want to see the progress of the game and if nobody else is willing to share their experience then I'll persist to fight that cause because I'm not just doing this for myself," he said.
"Everyone involved have an obligation to make the game as great as it can be and the more I talk about it hopefully the more comfortable others will become about discussing their personal stories as well.
"I need to take the challenge by the opportunity and continue carrying this banner and keep carrying this responsibility and accomplish what I can to develop opportunities and make the game more appealing and more inclusive.
"There are a lot of disadvantaged young people and a lot of economic hardship and I honestly think that the sport has the ability to change their futures, just as it did for me."
Burrell scored for the Barbarians on a comeback to former club Northampton in November 2022